ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืคืจื›ืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘"ืขื”ืคืจื›ืช ื˜ืขื ื” 1: "ื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ืืช ืœืฉื•ื ื”"

ื”ืคืจื›ืช ื˜ืขื ื” 1: "ื‘ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื•ืืช ืœืฉื•ื ื”"


ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” (ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืื•ืžืŸ, ื”ืจื‘ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืจืคืืœ ื”ื™ืจืฉ).[1]


ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘. ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืœืœื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”, ืื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ (ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžื–ืจื—ื™).[2]


ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืžื›ื— ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื… ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืœื ื• ืžื” ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช (ื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ).[3]

 

ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืœื ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืžืกืจื” ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘, ื•ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœืกืคืง ืœื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืขืฉื™. ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืคื” ืฉื ืงื™ื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื’ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคืจืฉื ื™ ืžืงืจื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•. ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื›ื™ "ื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืœืงื™ื™ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื™ืช ื—ืกืจื” ืœื ื•".[4] ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืœืžื“, ืคืจื•ืค' ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื—ื™ืคื”, ื›ื•ืชื‘:

ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืื” ื”ืืžื•ื ื”, ื•ืจืง ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ื ืชืคืกื•ืช ื›ืคื•ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื•ื ื”; ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืคื›ื•, ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ื›'ื—ื•ืง' ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•, ื ืขืœืžื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช… ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช [ื”ืคื›ื”] ืžื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ืœืืžื•ื ื” ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ืช ื•ืœืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจ ืฉื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืจืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื•.[5]

ืื ื›ืš, ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืชืงืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.[6] ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืื ื›ืŸ ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื›ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ "ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืชื™ืงื”" (argumentum ex silentio) ืžืฆื“ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื. ื–ืืช ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื•ืชืงืช ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืื™ื ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”.

ื›ืฉืœ ืœื•ื’ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื ืงืจื "ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื›ื•ื–ื‘ืช", ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“: ืื• ืฉืžืฉื” ืฉื›ื— ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื” ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืกืจ ืœื•, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื• ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”. ืืœื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ืื•, ืฉืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”: ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” – ื”ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžื ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืคืจืง ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื”. ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื ื•ืกืคืช: ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื–ื‘ื•ื— ื›ื™ ืจืื• ืื™ืš ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื–ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื ืœืืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื).

ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืœืœื ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืกื•ืชืจืช ืืช ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘:

ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ึทืžึดึผืฆึฐื•ึธื” ื”ึทื–ึนึผืืช ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ืึธื ึนื›ึดื™ ืžึฐืฆึทื•ึฐึผืšึธ ื”ึทื™ึผื•ึนื ืœึนื ื ึดืคึฐืœึตืืช ื”ึดื•ื ืžึดืžึฐึผืšึธ ื•ึฐืœึนื ืจึฐื—ึนืงึธื” ื”ึดื•ื. ืœึนื ื‘ึทืฉึธึผืืžึทื™ึดื ื”ึดื•ื ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืžึดื™ ื™ึทืขึฒืœึถื” ืœึธึผื ื•ึผ ื”ึทืฉึธึผืืžึทื™ึฐืžึธื” ื•ึฐื™ึดืงึธึผื—ึถื”ึธ ืœึธึผื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื™ึทืฉึฐืืžึดืขึตื ื•ึผ ืึนืชึธื”ึผ ื•ึฐื ึทืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื ึธึผื”. ื•ึฐืœึนื ืžึตืขึตื‘ึถืจ ืœึทื™ึธึผื ื”ึดื•ื ืœึตืืžึนืจ ืžึดื™ ื™ึทืขึฒื‘ึธืจ ืœึธื ื•ึผ ืึถืœ ืขึตื‘ึถืจ ื”ึทื™ึธึผื ื•ึฐื™ึดืงึธึผื—ึถื”ึธ ืœึธึผื ื•ึผ ื•ึฐื™ึทืฉึฐืืžึดืขึตื ื•ึผ ืึนืชึธื”ึผ ื•ึฐื ึทืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื ึธึผื”. ื›ึดึผื™ ืงึธืจื•ึนื‘ ืึตืœึถื™ืšึธ ื”ึทื“ึธึผื‘ึธืจ ืžึฐืึนื“ ื‘ึฐึผืคึดื™ืšึธ ื•ึผื‘ึดืœึฐื‘ึธื‘ึฐืšึธ ืœึทืขึฒืฉึนื‚ืชื•ึน (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœ' 11-15).

ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื”: ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœืื“ื ืฉื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื•. ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื™ื ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืจื‘, ืืœื ืžื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช ืื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช, ื•ืฉื”ืื“ื ืื™ื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืคืจืฉ ืœื• ืื•ืชื”.

ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื[7] ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืืช ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื ื™ื’ืจืข ืžื”ืŸ. ืœื›ืŸ, ื’ื ืื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช, ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืชืงื ื•ืช ืฉืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.[8] ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื• ื—ื•ืงื” ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื™ื™ืกื“ ืื•ืžื” ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ื’ื ื”ืฉืคื” ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื”? ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ืŸ ืขื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ "ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื ื”ืจื’ืœื™ื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื• ืœื”ืกืขื”, ื”ืžืจืื” ื•ื ื—ื™ืชื”" (ืžื˜ื•ืก 737-900 ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืืœ ืขืœ) ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ื›ืš ื’ื ืœื ื•, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืขืจ ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉื‘ื• ื ืืžืจื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื โ€“ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื”, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืขืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™, ืœืฉื•ื ื™, ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื•ื›ื•'.

ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืžื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืื™ื ื• ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”, ืืœื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“; ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืžืงืจืื™ืช, ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืงืจืื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ืืช. ืื‘ืœ ืื ืœื ืฉื›ื ืขื ื• ืืชื›ื, ืื– ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœื–ื”, ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืจื‘ืข ืคืขืžื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืžืฉื” ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื ื–ืงืง ืœืขืฆืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.[9] ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ืื ื›ืš, ืฉืœืžืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ืฉืคื™ืจืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืืช ื–ื• ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘. ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžืจืืฉ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ื”ืจ ืกื™ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ืžืงื™ืฃ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื” ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœึดืคึฐืกื•ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืฉื ืคืกื™ืงื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคื ื” ืืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืฉื”ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืชื—ืœืฅ ืื•ืชื•, ืืœื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื: "ืขึดืžึฐื“ื•ึผ ื•ึฐืึถืฉึฐืืžึฐืขึธื” ืžึทื” ื™ึฐืฆึทื•ึถึผื” ื”' ืœึธื›ึถื" (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜' 8).

 

ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ืœืฉื•ื ื™?

ื”ืจื‘ ื–ืžื™ืจ ื›ื”ืŸ ื›ืชื‘: "ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจืง ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืš ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ, ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื".[10] ื•ื‘ืืžืช, ืžื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื”ืชื•ืจื”? ื”ืจื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืืฉื•ืจืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช, ืื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื”ืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจ. ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ื–ื”ื” ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช. ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื•ื ื—, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืžืงืจืื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืฉืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื. ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืงืจืื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื•ืงื™ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื; ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืขืฆืžื” ื•ืœื ืœืื•ืจ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ืขืฆืžื” ื ืื‘ืงืช ื•ื ื›ืฉืœืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืงืจืื™ื•ืช. ื‘ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื—ืฉืžืœ". ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœื” ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื–ื• ืฉืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื (ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆืื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช).

ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ: ืจืฉ"ื™ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžืœืืš. "ืจื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™" ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืฉืžืขื• ื—ื™ื•ืช. ื‘"ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“" ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ืช ืืฉ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืœ ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื—ืฉืžืœ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ื•ืื”. ื”ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ื’ืจืก ืฉื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื•ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ: "ื›ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœ โ€“ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื“ืขืช ืžื”ืจ"ื™ ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ".[11] ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืกืคืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ื›ืฉืœืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžืงืจืื™ื•ืช. ื”ืจื™ ื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื—ื–"ืœ ืขืฆืžื ืกื•ืชืจื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ืช. ืืœื ืฉื—ื–"ืœ โ€“ ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื• ืœืกืคืง ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” โ€“ ื”ื ื”ืขืœื• ืชื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืจืจื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœืœื ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”? ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื—ืงืจ ืคื™ืœื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจืื™ืช.[12] ื”ื ืืœื” ื”ืžื‘ืืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœืขื–ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื“ ื•ื—ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืœื•ืช ืžืชืžื“ืช ื‘ืื“ื ื”ืžืชื™ื™ืžืจ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืœืคืจืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘. ืื ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” "ื—ืฉืžืœ" ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืžืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื, ืฉื‘ื• ืชื•ืจื’ืžื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืžื™ืœื” "ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ" ื‘ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช (แผคฮปฮตฮบฯ„ฯฮฟฮฝ), ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืžืฉืžืขื” โ€“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื–ื•ื”ืจ ื›ืžืชื›ืช ื‘ื•ื”ืงืช ืื• ื›ืฆื‘ืข ืขื ื‘ืจ.

 

ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืคืจืฉืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื”

ืื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ืœื–ื•ื•ื™ืช, ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืื• ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•?! ืœืื•ืจ ื–ืืช, ื ืžืฆื ื›ื™ย ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช, ืœืคื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื” ืœื ื ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื›ื”, ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืœ ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื ืงืจื "ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ึผ๏ฌตืจ๏ฌตืช"ย (ืื“ ืื™ื’ื ื•ืจื ื˜ื™ืื), ย ืื• "ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ". ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉืื ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื— ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืงืจ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืœืฉื™ื˜ืชื, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื— ื›ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื–ื‘. ื–ื”ื• ืžืงืจื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื›ื•ื–ื‘ืช, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื• ื›ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื•ืช. ื˜ืขื ื” ื–ื• ืžืชื•ืžืฆืชืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืึดืžืจื”: "ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืขื“ืจ". ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ื›ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืžืกืจื” ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžืช. ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืืžื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื•: "ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”ื™ ืขื•ืจืœื” ื•ืื™ืคื” ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื”; ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”ื™ ืกื•ื›ื” ื•ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื‘ืข, ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืื• ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื”, ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื” ืฉืชืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข".

ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืจื’ืข ืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืกื™ ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ืฉืืžืจ: "ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื—ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืœืœื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”". ื›ืฉืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ืื“ื ื•ื—ื•ื•ื” "ืคึผึฐืจื•ึผ ื•ึผืจึฐื‘ื•ึผ",[13] ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆื™ื“ื ืจื‘ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืœืื“ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ื—ืกื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ื•ื”? ืื™ืš ื™ื“ืขื• ืื“ื ื•ื—ื•ื•ื” ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” "ืคืจื• ื•ืจื‘ื•" ืœืœื ืขื–ืจืชื ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืœืœื ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”? ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืขืช ืžืฉืขืฉืขืช, ืื•ืœื ืžื˜ืจืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื’ื•ื—ื›ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืœื ืจื‘ ื•/ืื• ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”.[14]

 


ืžืืžืจ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ื•ืฉื: ื”ืคืจื›ืช ื˜ืขื ื” 29: "ื”ื ื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ืžืงืจืื™ ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”"


[1] https://www.machonso.org/hamaayan/?gilayon=24&id=912.
[2] www.youtube.com/watch?v=zC92Tkxb35Q.
[3] www.hidabroot.org/article/217324.
[4] ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืกืคืงืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ืชื• ื™ื—ื™ื”: ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ืœืื“ื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืชื™, ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืก ื‘ืข"ืž, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 2013, ืขืž' 40.
[5] ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžืœืžื“, ื“ืช: ืžื—ื•ืง ืœืืžื•ื ื” – ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื•ื— ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ, ื”ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“, 2014, ืขืž' 293-295.
[6] ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืจื—ื‘ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืžืืžืจ. ืจืื• www.bible.ac/torah.
[7] ืคืจืงื™ื: ื“' 2; ื™"ื’ 1.
[8] ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœืœ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื”. ืœืžืฉืœ: ื˜ืœื™ืช, ื ื˜ื™ืœืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ืช, ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื—ืœื” ื•ื›ื•' (ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš, ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื” ื‘).
[9] ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›"ื“ 10-23; ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื˜' 6-8; ื˜"ื• 32-36; ื›"ื– 1-4.
[10] www.youtube.com/watch?v=l4YPTLpM9pI.
[11] ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื‘ื™"ื ืขืœ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื' 27.
[12] ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื: www.bible.ac/exegesis.
[13] ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื' 28.
[14] ื”ืจื‘ ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขืจืš ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืœื˜ืขื ืชื• ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืœื ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœ-ืคื”. ืจืื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœืจืฉื™ืžื”: http://www.igod.co.il/list163.

ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื: